This is not electron-hole pairs generation and charge separation in the depletion region. But electrons that escape from the tapered end of the channel having higher velocities than those at the wide end. It is as if the escaped electrons have passed through an electric potential; an escape electric potential, \(V_{ec}\).
This virtual electric potential drives an external load.
Because of the \(p^{+}\) particles, another current flows through the PN junction. This PN current prevents the depletion region from closing the escape end. The electron that flows into the depletion region pairs up with a \(p^{+}\) and the repair are removed from the device. This PN current adds to the current drawn from the ground but does not provide useful work at the external load. Electrons that are removed through this current does not return to the circuit. For this reason, the \(+V\) end of the device is grounded to provide a source of electrons to replenish the device.
To remove the (\(p^{+}e^{-}\)) pair, a temperature gradient is used to move the spinning \(e^{-}\) particles that generates a \(B\) field away from the P junction.
The P junction best be porous. The \(B\) field impart a spin on the electrons and prevents some of them from crashing into the depletion region. A circular path of electron perpendicular to the escape channel prevents the channel from closing. The velocity component of the electron along \(B\) is not affected. In this way, \(V_{ec}\) increases as more electrons escape.
What is this (\(p^{+}e^{-}\)) pair? Why is temperature particles not detected? Because they behave more like waves than particles.
Note: Simply run water over the cells can remove \(p^{+}\) particles. The water is recycled and contained.
