Monday, March 28, 2016

Helium Isotopes And General Periodicities

Stable Helium-3, \(^3He\)

(\(T^+\), \(p^+\), \(g^+\), \(T^+\), \(p^+\))

and

(\(p^+\), \(g^+\), \(T^+\), \(p^+\))

where the spin of \(p^{+}\) particles contributes to atomic mass.

Maybe possible Helium-3, \(^3He\)

(\(g^+\), \(T^+\), \(2p^+\))

where the last particle is doubled in numbers.

Stable Helium-4, \(^4He\)

(\(g^+\), \(T^+\), \(p^+\), \(g^+\), \(T^{+}\), \(p^+\))

Unstable Helium-2, \(^2He\)

(\(T^+\), \(2p^+\))

where the \(T^{+}\) particle left behind after decay has it mistaken as \(\beta\) decay.

(\(2p^+\))

this is more likely, and it splits into two \(^1H\).

The problem is Hydrogen has many isotopes.  All of which can be turned into a Helium isotopes by adding to the hydrogen nucleus set (\(p^{+}\)) or (\(g^+\), \(T^{+}\), \(p^+\)) when the hydrogen nucleus set ends in \(p^{+}\) or, by adding \(p^{+}\) when the hydrogen nucleus set ends in \(T^{+}\) and, by adding (\(T^{+}\), \(p^+\)) when the hydrogen nucleus set ends in \(g^{+}\).

The simple idea of building the nucleus up from weak fields holds.  Although this view includes isotopes naturally as the nucleus is built up, there is no simple periodicity.  Periodicity in chemical reactions involving charges occurs when we consider the addition of \(p^{+}\) particles only and  group all nuclei with the same number of \(p^{+}\) particles together.

So there are two other periodicities, when we group nuclei with the same number of \(g^{+}\) or the same number of \(T^{+}\) particles.  These are periodicities of chemical reactions involving \(g^{-}\) and \(g^{+}\) particles, and \(T^{+}\) and \(T^{-}\) particles separately.