1. β− decay:
A nucleus emits an electron and an electron anti-neutrino (A, Z + 1)
Occurs in the nucleus, at a hydrogen particle, (e−,g−,g+). g+ is first ejected as the electron anti-neutrino, the particle loses its positive charge, the electron is freed and the photon that ejects g+ is captured. The proton pair (g−,g+) forms up resulting in an increment to Z.
2. Positron emission (β+ decay):
A nucleus emits a positron and an electron neutrino (A, Z − 1)
Occurs in the nucleus, at a hydrogen particle, (e−,g−,g+). g− and g+ are both ejected. g− with its small oscillatory energy along tc is detected as a positive electric charge. g+ is also the electron neutrino.
3. Electron capture:
A nucleus captures an orbiting electron and emits a neutrino; the daughter nucleus is left in an excited unstable state (A, Z − 1)
The nucleus captures a Pg+ photon of high energy, the photon slows emitting gamma rays in the process and excites an existing g+ particle. The photon becomes a fast moving g+ particle. Together with a g−, they form an extra proton pair (g−,g+) that pull an electron from a low lying orbit. However, this proton pair is unstable and break apart as the passing particle/photon moves on. The excited g+ particle having gained enough energy as the photon approached, is emitted as a neutrino, as the photon passes. The atomic number is reduced by one.
4. Bound state beta decay:
A free neutron or nucleus beta decays to electron and anti-neutrino, but the electron is not emitted, as it is captured into an empty K-shell; the daughter nucleus is left in an excited and unstable state. This process is a minority of free neutron decays (0.0004%) due to the low energy of hydrogen ionization, and is suppressed except in ionized atoms that have K-shell vacancies. (A, Z + 1)
As with β− decay. Subsequent fate of the electron does not involve any basic particle.
5. Double beta decay:
A nucleus emits two electrons and two anti-neutrinos (A, Z + 2)
Two times β− decay. Please refer to point 1.
6. Double electron capture:
A nucleus absorbs two orbital electrons and emits two neutrinos – the daughter nucleus is left in an excited and unstable state (A, Z − 2)
Two times electron capture. Please refer to point 3.
7. Electron capture with positron emission:
A nucleus absorbs one orbital electron, emits one positron and two neutrinos (A, Z − 2)
As with electron capture in point 3, with the additional emission of a (g−,g+) pair from the nucleus. This could happen when the approaching photon is of high energy.
8. Double positron emission:
A nucleus emits two positrons and two neutrinos (A, Z − 2)
Two times β+ decay. Please refer to point 2.
Neutrinos and anti-neutrinos are the same g+ particles.