1. β− decay:
A nucleus emits an electron and an electron anti-neutrino (A, Z + 1)
Occurs in the nucleus, at a hydrogen particle, \((e^{-},\,g^{-},\,g^{+})\). \(g^{+}\) is first ejected as the electron anti-neutrino, the particle loses its positive charge, the electron is freed and the photon that ejects \(g^{+}\) is captured. The proton pair \((g^{-},\,g^{+})\) forms up resulting in an increment to Z.
2. Positron emission (β+ decay):
A nucleus emits a positron and an electron neutrino (A, Z − 1)
Occurs in the nucleus, at a hydrogen particle, \((e^{-},\,g^{-},\,g^{+})\). \(g^{-}\) and \(g^{+}\) are both ejected. \(g^{-}\) with its small oscillatory energy along \(t_c\) is detected as a positive electric charge. \(g^{+}\) is also the electron neutrino.
3. Electron capture:
A nucleus captures an orbiting electron and emits a neutrino; the daughter nucleus is left in an excited unstable state (A, Z − 1)
The nucleus captures a \(P_{g^+}\) photon of high energy, the photon slows emitting gamma rays in the process and excites an existing \(g^{+}\) particle. The photon becomes a fast moving \(g^{+}\) particle. Together with a \(g^{-}\), they form an extra proton pair \((g^{-},\,g^{+})\) that pull an electron from a low lying orbit. However, this proton pair is unstable and break apart as the passing particle/photon moves on. The excited \(g^{+}\) particle having gained enough energy as the photon approached, is emitted as a neutrino, as the photon passes. The atomic number is reduced by one.
4. Bound state beta decay:
A free neutron or nucleus beta decays to electron and anti-neutrino, but the electron is not emitted, as it is captured into an empty K-shell; the daughter nucleus is left in an excited and unstable state. This process is a minority of free neutron decays (0.0004%) due to the low energy of hydrogen ionization, and is suppressed except in ionized atoms that have K-shell vacancies. (A, Z + 1)
As with β− decay. Subsequent fate of the electron does not involve any basic particle.
5. Double beta decay:
A nucleus emits two electrons and two anti-neutrinos (A, Z + 2)
Two times β− decay. Please refer to point 1.
6. Double electron capture:
A nucleus absorbs two orbital electrons and emits two neutrinos – the daughter nucleus is left in an excited and unstable state (A, Z − 2)
Two times electron capture. Please refer to point 3.
7. Electron capture with positron emission:
A nucleus absorbs one orbital electron, emits one positron and two neutrinos (A, Z − 2)
As with electron capture in point 3, with the additional emission of a \((g^{-},\,g^{+})\) pair from the nucleus. This could happen when the approaching photon is of high energy.
8. Double positron emission:
A nucleus emits two positrons and two neutrinos (A, Z − 2)
Two times β+ decay. Please refer to point 2.
Neutrinos and anti-neutrinos are the same \(g^{+}\) particles.
