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Tuesday, January 8, 2019

Townsend Discharge In Solids

Cont'd from the post "Hollow Metal" dated 29 Dec 2018, if the matter is a gas,  \(I_{osc}=q_e*f_{osc}\) might be Townsend discharge, where \(q_e=1.602176565\text{e-19}\,C\)

A table of \(I_{osc}\) for covalent bond is given below.

atomic no.symbolnameCovalent  (single bond) pmf_osc (10^14)Hz_hf eV q_e*f_osc A
1Hhydrogen381.21900.5041.953E-05
2Hehelium321.32840.5492.128E-05
3Lilithium1340.64920.2681.040E-05
4Beberyllium900.79210.3281.269E-05
5Bboron820.82990.3431.330E-05
6Ccarbon770.85640.3541.372E-05
7Nnitrogen750.86770.3591.390E-05
8Ooxygen730.87950.3641.409E-05
9Ffluorine710.89180.3691.429E-05
10Neneon690.90470.3741.449E-05
11Nasodium1540.60560.2509.702E-06
12Mgmagnesium1300.65910.2731.056E-05
13Alaluminium1180.69180.2861.108E-05
14Sisilicon1110.71330.2951.143E-05
15Pphosphorus1060.72990.3021.169E-05
16Ssulfur1020.74410.3081.192E-05
17Clchlorine990.75530.3121.210E-05
18Arargon970.76300.3161.222E-05
19Kpotassium1960.53680.2228.600E-06
20Cacalcium1740.56970.2369.127E-06
21Scscandium1440.62620.2591.003E-05
22Tititanium1360.64440.2661.032E-05
23Vvanadium1250.67210.2781.077E-05
24Crchromium1270.66680.2761.068E-05
25Mnmanganese1390.63740.2641.021E-05
26Feiron1250.67210.2781.077E-05
27Cocobalt1260.66950.2771.073E-05
28Ninickel1210.68320.2831.095E-05
29Cucopper1380.63970.2651.025E-05
30Znzinc1310.65660.2721.052E-05
31Gagallium1260.66950.2771.073E-05
32Gegermanium1220.68030.2811.090E-05
33Asarsenic1190.68890.2851.104E-05
34Seselenium1160.69770.2891.118E-05
35Brbromine1140.70380.2911.128E-05
36Krkrypton1100.71650.2961.148E-05
37Rbrubidium2110.51730.2148.289E-06
38Srstrontium1920.54230.2248.689E-06
39Yyttrium1620.59040.2449.459E-06
40Zrzirconium1480.61770.2559.897E-06
41Nbniobium1370.64200.2661.029E-05
42Momolybdenum1450.62410.2589.999E-06
43Tctechnetium1560.60170.2499.640E-06
44Ruruthenium1260.66950.2771.073E-05
45Rhrhodium1350.64680.2671.036E-05
46Pdpalladium1310.65660.2721.052E-05
47Agsilver1530.60750.2519.734E-06
48Cdcadmium1480.61770.2559.897E-06
49Inindium1440.62620.2591.003E-05
50Sntin1410.63290.2621.014E-05
51Sbantimony1380.63970.2651.025E-05
52Tetellurium1350.64680.2671.036E-05
53Iiodine1330.65160.2691.044E-05
54Xexenon1300.65910.2731.056E-05
55Cscaesium2250.50100.2078.027E-06
56Babarium1980.53400.2218.556E-06
57Lalanthanum1690.57810.2399.261E-06
58Ceceriumno datano datano datano data
59Prpraseodymiumno datano datano datano data
60Ndneodymiumno datano datano datano data
61Pmpromethiumno datano datano datano data
62Smsamariumno datano datano datano data
63Eueuropiumno datano datano datano data
64Gdgadoliniumno datano datano datano data
65Tbterbiumno datano datano datano data
66Dydysprosiumno datano datano datano data
67Hoholmiumno datano datano datano data
68Ererbiumno datano datano datano data
69Tmthuliumno datano datano datano data
70Ybytterbiumno datano datano datano data
71Lulutetium1600.59410.2469.518E-06
72Hfhafnium1500.61360.2549.830E-06
73Tatantalum1380.63970.2651.025E-05
74Wtungsten1460.62190.2579.964E-06
75Rerhenium1590.59600.2469.548E-06
76Ososmium1280.66420.2751.064E-05
77Iriridium1370.64200.2661.029E-05
78Ptplatinum1280.66420.2751.064E-05
79Augold1440.62620.2591.003E-05
80Hgmercury1490.61560.2559.863E-06
81Tlthallium1480.61770.2559.897E-06
82Pblead1470.61980.2569.930E-06
83Bibismuth1460.62190.2579.964E-06
84Popoloniumno datano datano datano data
85Atastatineno datano datano datano data
86Rnradon1450.62410.2589.999E-06
87Frfranciumno datano datano datano data
88Raradiumno datano datano datano data
89Acactiniumno datano datano datano data
90Ththoriumno datano datano datano data
91Paprotactiniumno datano datano datano data
92Uuraniumno datano datano datano data
93Npneptuniumno datano datano datano data
94Puplutoniumno datano datano datano data
95Amamericiumno datano datano datano data
96Cmcuriumno datano datano datano data
97Bkberkeliumno datano datano datano data
98Cfcaliforniumno datano datano datano data
99Eseinsteiniumno datano datano datano data
100Fmfermiumno datano datano datano data
101Mdmendeleviumno datano datano datano data
102Nonobeliumno datano datano datano data
103Lrlawrenciumno datano datano datano data
104Rfrutherfordiumno datano datano datano data
105Dbdubniumno datano datano datano data
106Sgseaborgiumno datano datano datano data
107Bhbohriumno datano datano datano data
108Hshassiumno datano datano datano data
109Mtmeitneriumno datano datano datano data
110Dsdarmstadtiumno datano datano datano data
111Rgroentgeniumno datano datano datano data
112Cncoperniciumno datano datano datano data
113Nhnihoniumno datano datano datano data
114Flfleroviumno datano datano datano data
115Mcmoscoviumno datano datano datano data
116Lvlivermoriumno datano datano datano data
117Tstennessineno datano datano datano data
118Ogoganessonno datano datano datano data

Apart from the fact that \(I_{osc}\approx10^{-6}\,\text{to}\,10^{-5}\), there is no reason to believe that \(I_{osc}\) triggers Townsend discharge.

However, if \(I_{osc}\) does trigger a discharge, then the negative charges produced during resonance will reduce the measured voltage and increase the current.  The changes in current and voltage are continued only if the resonance is sustained.  This means, the current remains at \(I_{osc}\).  Superimposed on this is the effect of created charges that reduces the voltage and increases the current.  The applied voltage is also constant.  Townsend discharge then does not occur unless \(I_{osc}\) is achieved first with a specific applied voltage (\(V_{osc}\)) and maintained at this specific voltage.  As long as there are free charges inside the tube, the tube is conductive.  If this is the case, a discharge tube when subjected to a higher voltage that produces a higher current, \(I\gt I_{osc}\), will not glow or arc as there are no free charges in the tube.  This would refute the ionization-avalanche mechanism as the explanation for discharge because this mechanism should also occur at higher voltage.  Does \(V_{osc}\) exist for sustained discharge? And that all discharge must pass through \(V_{osc}\)?

Does this happen in a metal like \(Cu\) where a current \(I_{osc}=1.025\text{e-05}\,A\) creates more charge carriers?

Maybe...

Note:  no data means no data but its does not mean no information, not including them will be wrong.


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