It does not matter whether the charges are positive or negative as long as they cause a change in oxidation state of the Vanadium ions. The ions in circular motion, in a constant magnetic field, separate into layers. On discharge, a reversion in oxidation states releases the charge and is tapped from two circulating ion layers to drive an external load.
Do charges flow from a pool of water at \(80^oC\)? Micro-lightning?
